Ideas 16-4...Space Research

Interstellar propulsion tends to be nuclear based. This requires the generation of electricity to power a nuclear fusion device. Project Prometheus was designed to produce a 200kW nuclear fission power unit that would do just that. Managed by NASA, it was cancelled in 2005. In November 2023 Rolls-Royce unveiled the micro reactor at the UK Space Conference, Belfast, UK. This device is initially designed to power a Moon base, but could also presumably start up a nuclear fusion reactor in space or on Earth. Other brilliant ideas can be found on the NASA NIAC website.

Project Icarus: This BIS project consists of a 150 tonne space probe to Alpha Centauri powered by z-pinch fusion or inertial confined fusion. Journey time within 100 years. This is a follow on from the BIS Project Daedalus.

Z-pinch fusion is a type of plasma confinement system that uses an electric current in the plasma to generate a magnetic field that compresses it. The Z-pinch configuration offers the promise of a compact fusion device owing to its simple geometry, unity beta, and absence of external magnetic field coils. The plasma is compressed by increasing the axial current, resulting in a rapid rise of the fusion reaction rate. The Z-pinch is an application of the Lorentz force, in which a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force. When a current is run through the plasma, the particles in the plasma are pulled toward each other by the Lorentz force, thus the plasma contracts. The contraction is counteracted by the increasing gas pressure of the plasma. As the plasma is electrically conductive, a magnetic field nearby will induce a current in it. This provides a way to run a current into the plasma without physical contact, which is important as a plasma can rapidly erode mechanical electrodes. In practical devices, the current is generally provided from a large bank of capacitors and triggered by a spark gap, known as a Marx Bank or Marx generator. The BIS propose this interstellar propulsion method and call it Firefly.

An alternative to z-pinch is inertial confined fusion (ICF). The BIS propose this interstellar propulsion method, calling it Pegasus. In ICF, a small pellet of fuel is compressed and heated by a laser or ion beam to create the conditions necessary for fusion to occur. The fuel is typically a mixture of deuterium and tritium, which are isotopes of hydrogen. The compression of the fuel is achieved by the momentum transfer from the laser or ion beam to the outer layer of the pellet, which generates a shock wave that propagates inward and compresses the fuel to high densities and temperatures.

Matter-Antimatter Drive (90,000,000,000 MJ/kg 50 to 80%C) It could be 40% efficient, but as with all interstellar drives listed here, it suffers from overheating. Anti-matter would be produced in a relatively small linear accelerator, powered by nuclear fusion reactors. The matter / anti-matter chamber would direct the explosion out of the nozzle, which would consist of an electro-magnetic field. Losing gamma radiation and neutrinos, its exhaust heat would be of the order of 0.3 trillion Watts per tonne of spaceship mass. To reduce this heat loss, a GeV (giga electron-volt) gamma ray laser, employing proton-antiproton pinch discharge has been proposed. The front of the spacecraft would have to be heavily shielded, its entire structure regenerative. An electro-magnetic / gas bow-wave would protect the probe from interstellar dust impact. Space is not a vacuum. It consists of rogue asteroids, rogue planets and rogue stars, rogue brown dwarf solar systems, nebulae, neutron stars and black holes, in addition to hydrogen, C60 buckyballs, silicon carbide and, if observations from some astronauts are correct, jellyfish like life, presumably from disintegrated comets. How could an interstellar spaceship avoid them when it is travelling at say, fifty per cent of the speed of light? It is thought that clean space consists of one hydrogen atom per square metre, which by now the Voyager space probes, which are now leaving our solar system, should have confirmed. It therefore seems highly likely that flying saucers employ stargates and wormholes to avoid such obstructions.

Spacecraft travelling at a noticeable percentage of the speed of light, are often regarded as fanciful. Cold fusion and em drive fall into this category. Another such proposal is the near light speed helical engine, advanced by Dr. David Burns of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. Announced in 2019, it consists of a particle accelerator which employs a closed cycle propellant. It takes advantage of the fact that the mass of these particles changes when travelling close to the speed of light. Because it's a closed cycle, it does not need replenishing. The propulsive system would be 650 feet long by 40 feet wide.

A Genesis sub-probe would be released at each encountered solar system. It maybe possible to reduce its speed by employing a magnetic sail interacting with the star's heliosphere. The alternative being aerobraking in the atmosphere of a series of large planets. After going into orbit, it would build its own communications relay station, sub-probes (orbiters and landers) to visit each planet in the Habital Zone. Using an extensive science database compiled by scientists on Earth, it would describe and relay back to Earth, details of all forms of life encountered. It would also describe in detail, any new technologies and civilisations encountered by stealth, or by archaeological means. Of all the interstellar drives listed here, matter/anti-matter drive and direct fusion drive appear to be the most plausible.

As the centuries and millennia pass, this intelligent and dextrous space probe would terraform planets, building a space base, and ultimately new cities. It may have the capability to not only produce embryonic plants and animals, but also our future selves, homotechnicus. A perfect utopia. Did it save the human race? Well, if it saved this website in its database, including all the music listed on it, then yes it did.

Such a Genesis Mission could turn out to be the first of many.

A propulsion system that would use hydrogen atoms from rarefied interstellar space, is the Bussard Interstellar ramjet, using a proton-proton chain reaction, speed 0.12C.

Another interstellar mission announced in 2017, is called Breakthrough Starshot, one of the projects proposed by Icarus Interstellar, an off shoot of the BIS Initiative For Interstellar Studies. The objective is Alpha Centauri b, an exoplanet 4.37 lya. travelling at 12.5%C the cluster of starchips, each powered by a 100GW array of ground based lasers, over kilometres, would take 20 years to get there, plus 4 years for Earth to receive the returned data. The mosaic of pictures would then be pieced together to obtain a detailed view of the planet. It is hoped that the starchips will get within one astronomical unit of the planet. Each starchip would be based upon advanced mobile phone technology. Powered by a 150mg plutonium 238 battery, the 1000 starchips would consist of 4 x 2 mega pixel cameras (CCD), computer, laser communications, 4m square graphene sail and 4 x 1W photon thrusters. Each chip would be coated in beryllium copper to protect it from interstellar dust impact. The project would cost $5 to 10 billion. It would also pollute interstellar space. That's earthlings for ya. You can't take 'em anywhere.

Another project promoted by Icarus Interstellar is Project Hyperion / Persephone, a world ship housing a community of humans, in artificial gravity, for generations. 20km long by 5km diameter, housing 50 to 500 people.

At least two methods of travelling faster than light have been proposed. The first is by warp drive, proposed by Miguel Alcubierre in a paper, 'Warp Drive' in 1994. NASA publication CD-98-76634, employing exotic matter and negative mass. The second method called Blackhole Starship employs Hawking radiation from a black hole. Ufologists say that UFOs are powered by anti-gravity, based upon the zero point field of energy, from which all energy emerges. The truth is definitely out there somewhere. Currently we cannot see over 95% of our universe. It is therefore not surprising that there is no way of travelling faster than the speed of light in the foreseeable future. Due to the years it would take therefore to travel to an accommodating alien world, humans would travel there either in a test tube as a fertilized egg, or as an adult in a hibernation chamber. Studies of hibernating brown bears suggest that humans could imitate this in a chamber of hydrogen sulphide or similar. Tests have shown that the hydrogen component protects living organisms from cosmic and solar radiation. I think interstellar space travel with humans, would only be done if Earth was becoming uninhabitable.

Are there any advanced civilisations out there, from whom we can advance our way of life? It is likely that UFO's from outer space visiting Earth, originate from civilisations that are now extinct, especially if from another galaxy. Alien civilisations could have wiped themselves out in a global war or industrial accident. Their planet is likely to be highly toxic, or nothing more than ghoo. Is contact worth the risk? Better to look from afar with powerful telescopes.

That being said, there is just so much that a telescope can see. To see the surface of a planet and its atmosphere in detail, we are talking about a range of no more than ten light years at present. To determine the exact nature of Tabby's star (KIC 8462852) has required the thinking of the world's astronomers, due to its unpredictable dimming. It's now thought to be consuming an orbiting exomoon, although to be certain we would need an extremely large telescope array to see it, as it's 1000 lya (light years away). So currently, if we want a better view, we need either to launch interstellar space probes with powerful telescopes onboard, or build huge telescope arrays on the surface of the Moon. The latter can only be achieved by placing a telescope at the bottom of a cold polar crater and recording problem parameters, such as dust, temperature, quakes, communications, etc.

All however is not doom and gloom. There is a far cheaper and quicker way to observe life on another planet. We might be able to terraform Venus, where currently the temperature of the surface is 470°C, due mainly to the high carbon dioxide pressure. It may or may not be possible to terraform Venus, with its mountain peaks coated in lead sulphide. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could be reduced by the introduction of polystyrene microspheres to sequester carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with calcium oxide and magnesium oxide rocks into carbonate minerals. This would reduce the atmosphere from 88 bar at 460C to 43 bar pressure at 127C temperature. Since the chemical process generates more energy than it consumes, it maybe possible to extend the process to reduce surface temperature further. However, since the planet is Sun synchronous, essentially not revolving, the extreme temperature differences between sunlit and shaded hemispheres would generate hurricane plus winds making living on the surface impossible. Whilst a base could possibly be constructed underground, why would you build it and how could you supply it due to strong cross winds? Currently Venus has very low wind speeds near the surface, but that is probably due to radiant heat from the planet. As the planet cools the surface winds will increase considerably.

Advanced bio-engineered species could be introduced into the planet's upper atmosphere where conditions are like that on Earth. These air plants would be designed to float in the Venusian atmosphere, their 'buoyancy balloons' would reflect light out into space and thereby help to cool the planet's atmosphere. Eventually rain would be produced which would cause ground erosion. The surface would then be cool enough for decomposed matter to form soil. Whether this would be enough to tame the planet's hurricane force winds, due to the fact that it does not rotate fast enough, 230 Earth days retrograde, remains to be seen. We could seed the ground of Venus with bacteria, extremophiles, (Deinococcus radiodurans and Geobacter sulfurreducens) which over time will multiply. If meteorological conditions permit, more advanced life could later be introduced, but it is likely that all of it will have to be specially bio-engineered to accept the planet's conditions. The planet's atmosphere could be cooled to almost that of Earth's inside a century, but it would still be heated by radiant heat from the planet itself. The planet's crust would take millennia to cool down, so it's unlikely to be practical. In reality the planet is far too hot for rain to reach the surface. Venus has been baked inside so thoroughly that all fluids have boiled off. That is why there is no chemical battery and hence no magnetic field, and why there is no plate tectonics. A magnetosphere could be created by a magnetic generator at L1 Lagrange point between the Sun and Venus. It would probably incorporate solar heat shielding to cool the planet further, plus microwave energy transfer to surface facilities. Articles detailing the terraforming of Venus and Mars can be found on Wikipedia.

So why do it? By cooling it down, one can see what stages there are in extreme global warming. The air plants would absorb the high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, where upon they would subsequently fall to the surface. Unfortunately the dead plants would then be converted to CO2 by the hot surface. It would take a very large comet striking Venus to have any real effect, but even that would not start up plate tectonics and a magnetosphere. Venus' slow retrograde spin of its axis, will still generate high surface wind speeds, making building construction, agriculture and travel on the surface impossible. Venus is an example of how impossible it would be to terraform an exoplanet. It therefore makes no sense going to a solar system that does not have an Earth type environment. It is clear to me that the range limitation of telescopes will limit where interstellar space probes will be sent.

Alternatively we could detonate large nuclear warheads deep inside the crust of planet Mars, deep enough to prevent radiation reaching the surface. They would be detonated at a depth where the long term heat generated would be matched by the heat trapped by the local geological pressure. This is not far fetched, as something similar happened eons ago. An asteroid hit Mars creating the impact crater, Hellas, which in turn created the volcanoes on the opposite side of the planet, including Olympus Mons, which in turn created an atmosphere and a shallow ocean. Because Mars is relatively small, it lost its internal heat relatively quickly. In other words, heat from the planet's core was eventually dissipated into space. We know that Mars lost its molten core quickly, since there is little evidence for a magnetosphere. The volcanic eruptions from the Hellas impact appear to have been short lived. Olympus Mons last erupted 25 million years ago. Apart from the seas created as Mars cooled down after its formation, the only substantial running water appears to have originated from cometary impact and impact from asteroids hitting a frozen surface. Whether channels on the surface were created by rivers fed by rain created by radiation from a weak young Sun, remains to be investigated thoroughly. It is thought that water existed on the surface for no more than 200 million years. As for rain, there are so many craters in pristine condition it suggests that precipitation rarely took place. Rivers were likely created momentarily by asteroid impacts and geothermal activity, being no more than wadis. More rivers could be exposed by a radarsat were they to exist. Alternatively, the 'rivers' could have been created by the shifting of the hot core of Mars when the Hellas impact took place, creating a hot spot near the surface, which melted underground ice. Four volcanoes are thought to have been created at that time. In 2024 the existence of a fifth highly eroded volcano between Noctis Labyrinthus and Valles Marineris was discovered, 450km diameter and 9,000m tall. Also composed of ice sheets of frozen carbon dioxide, it is a possible location for alien life. Elsewhere, the existence of shifting gullies on the sides of valleys and craters facing the Sun, could have been made by the explosive sublimation of frozen carbon dioxide into gas, and not water. The existence of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere probably created formaldehyde, which then created sugars and amino acids, the building blocks for life. However, the present constituents indicate that this is unlikely. Mars' atmosphere is 95% CO2, 2.8% Nitrogen and 2% argon. A NASA rover has detected methane during summer months. This maybe due to rotting extinct organics, life itself, or emissions from volcanic vents. There appears to be no evidence for life beyond single cells, whilst these are likely to be deep underground, at hot spots, which is exactly where most of the water went as the planet cooled. When one looks at the frozen satellites of Jupiter, it appears likely that had Mars remained warm, then it would have become a water world. The presence of atomic hydrogen in the atmosphere of Mars, is considered an indicator of how much water was lost to space. However, since presumably most of that water is already underground and frozen, it should not be considered as an accurate indication of how much water remains on the planet.

The internal heat generated in the crust by these nuclear explosions would melt ancient subterranean frozen water, forcing it to the surface. The Soviet Union's 'Dead Hand' might have a use after all. Additionally, with a molten core coupled to the rotation of Mars, a magnetosphere would be created. There is evidence that Mars once had a magnetic field 4 billion years ago. This molten core could be regenerated by nuclear explosions if it were possible to incorporate the core into the nuclear device itself. Currently we do not know enough about the geology of Mars, to make it work and be certain that we would not be blowing up the planet itself. The creation of a molten core in Mars, using nuclear warheads, is not possible due to the enormous size of the problem, whilst how do you revolve the core at a different speed to that of the mantle and crust? On Earth the core rotates eastward faster than the rest of the planet, so where would the additional angular momentum come from?. It would be an excellent way of ridding the human race of the stockpiles of nuclear weapons created mainly during the cold war. Without a magnetosphere the solar wind will eventually blow the newly created atmosphere away. It may take eons for the solar wind to do this, but the time delay may be acceptable.

In August 2024 it was announced that results from the NASA InSight Mars lander's seismometer, indicated that Mars has an extensive layer of liquid water at a depth of 11.5 to 20km. It is not possible to drill to that depth on Earth, whilst on Mars it would be little different. The only way to bring the water to the surface would be to heat up the planet as previously described.

A proposal on the NASA.gov website postulates how a magnetosphere protecting the martian atmosphere can be created. A magnetic field generator would be located at Lagrange point L1, a zero gravity area between Mars and the Sun. It would be one to two Tesla at 20,000 gauss. No details of the magnet are in the science paper.

Gases presently pumped out from Mars' nuclear bomb stimulated volcanoes would create a greenhouse effect, causing frozen carbon dioxide at the poles to melt. Mars' atmosphere would build up, causing temperatures and hence atmospheric pressure to rise and eventually generate melt water and rain to produce sufficient water to fill one seventh of Mars' prehistoric oceans. Without trying out these ideas we would not know whether we can do it elsewhere in our galaxy.

Many people advocate pumping greenhouse gases into the martian atmosphere, but these could easily freeze and precipitate onto the surface, as has the CO² at the poles. Such process plant would be costly, and require thousands of years to produce an atmosphere, but still would not produce an ozone layer to shield life from ultra-violet radiation from the Sun. My alternative, after seeding the surface with thousands of different extremophiles, such as the seventeen different species of microbe at Blood Falls, Antarctica, or the blood ice microbial algae found at Cape York, Greenland, would be to plant heat producing rhizomes. These bio-engineered plants would have to thrive on the iron oxide soil and UV from the Sun. They would of course be extremely hardy, resurrection and legume capable probably, standing up to years of drought, months long martian dust storms, whilst producing plenty of oxygen and heat for a micro-climate that would gradually raise atmospheric temperature. It all sounds impossible, but then so is the life of the tardigrade. It can hibernate for years in an equally hostile environment. In addition, bacteria trapped inside salt crystals, for almost one hundred thousand years, have been known to survive. Considerable biological research is at present taking place to determine what organisms could survive on the cold barren surface of Mars. Methanogens, lichen, cyanobacteria and algae are all being studied. In July 2024 it was announced that the Chinese had discovered that the moss syntrichia caninervis, found in Antarctica, can withstand temperatures as low as -196C. It is obvious that Mars, unlike Venus, has a future for man. From geochemistry comes biochemistry.

To grow plants it is first necessary to produce soil. It is produced by micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi, interacting with mineral particles that form the base layer. This weathered rock layer has to be converted to a clay rich subsoil. Unfortunately clays on Mars are rare. The top layer will also consist of dead organic plants, plus earthworms that aerate the soil, plant roots, micro-organisms, wood louse and other insects to break down the organics. Insects to pollinate flowers definitely comes last. The base layer of rock particles is formed by freezing temperatures, rocks interacting with natural chemicals to form other compounds, and wind erosion and transfer. Without water the process is very slow. Fortunately there is an abundance of martian dust on the surface, perhaps too much, since the dust storms would blot out the Sun and switch off photosynthesis for months. It is therefore necessary to reduce this by introducing rye grass at the earliest opportunity. It is also clear however that to terraform Mars using plants will be from the base layer only, until the mean ground temperature is above the melting point of water at the atmospheric pressure reached. How long that takes depends upon the level of commitment from financial sources and luck in creating the correct plants, because gardening is not an exact science. Once it rains, creating surface water, one can expect soil erosion. To put it bluntly, it takes 500 to 1000 years to create top soil, with the Earth having about 60 years of top soil for agriculture remaining, according to the top soil article in Wikipedia. Managing the agricultural needs of Mars will be even more difficult due to the flimsiest margins one has to operate within. If we can't get it right on Earth, what hope is there of doing it right on Mars. It is a classic case of a new world problem requiring a world technocracy to manage it. In May 2022 the University of Florida announced that it had grown cress from lunar soil brought back by the Apollo astronauts. Evidently the cress seeds sprouted after just two days. It's a start.

A bio-engineered plant for Mars will be required to have all of the following genetic traits:

Ideas 16-4 Space Research
The Search for Alien Civilisations

One of the enigmas found on archaeological sites is the presence of stone spheres. These are perfect spheres with no imperfections. So who created them. To bang two rocks together you can create a sphere, but with small flat faces. You can remove the sharp edges by placing them in a rotating container partially filled with sand. (That's how sharp edges on coins are removed before releasing them to the general public) But you still have those small faces. Small stone scarab beetles have been found in eastern Australia which the aborigines say were given to them by ancient Egyptians for mining ore. It's therefore possible that these stone spheres were given to our ancients by extraterrestrials, in the same way that our explorers gave gifts to the Indians of the Americas. See also the Sabu disk.

If alien life does not exist, why do people see UFOs? UFOs are either the planet Venus or other astronomical bodies, aircraft, rare atmospheric events, thermal inversion, swarms of insects, some luminous, short lived ball lightning, or images from a natural video recorder.

The following is a compendium of ideas about plasma balls found in this chapter. Over the sea plasma balls hover just above the surface. They are suspended there due to the weight of water mist that they contain. The electrical charge that creates the ignition is created by the piezo-electric effect during an earthquake igniting underground methane gas eminating from fault lines in the sea bed. The electrical charge that powers the plasma ball is produced by electro-geological means. Sedimentary layers of granite (60% piezo-electric crystal) and sandstone can act as a capacitor, storing electrical charge. Over land the electrical discharge into the atmosphere can be caused either by Earth's magnetic field, lightning, rain or simply overload. Super lightning, ten to one hundred times the power of ordinary lightning, is particularly powerful in the north-east Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, where saline levels are highest. Visible plasma balls are mainly seen at night, and can exhibit different colours depending upon the elements that the electrical charge passes through to the surface. Being electrical, they are also magnetically charged, enabling them to form formations of plasma balls in the sky. Some of these plasma balls display signs of intelligence. How can that be?

This brings us to the subject of ghosts. These incidents depicting humans or animals are believed to be stored in the surrounding rock. The recordings can be played back by an unknown force or life form. They may even be controlled by the naturally stored soul of the entity. Some plasma balls appear to be controlled by such a mischievous force. Such a display requires energy to power the recording process and energy for the display phase. The energy for recording could come from a plane crash for instance. I recall seeing a programme on TV about the image of a deceased pilot and copilot being seen on an airliner that had been repaired with parts taken from their crashed plane. Another source of energy could be natural, namely from Miyake events. See Extinction Level Events near the start of this chapter at line 16031. The energy for playback could come from the storage of hours of sunshine on rocks. This may explain the appearance of the thunderbird, mothman, big foot, dire wolf or Pteranodon which is a genus of pterosaur, all seen in north America in recent years. Other really high energy plasma balls or tic-tacs could be produced in the Earth's outer core, possibly resulting in the generation of sprites and elves in the upper atmosphere. If this is so, then they could also originate from other planets in our solar system.

Are these reports the results of hallucinations caused by tranquillizers or fungal spores found in forests, hallucinations caused by mass hypnosis, lies and fraud by individuals, or embellishments by the media.

Deliberate misinformation by government departments, notably the USG, including hoaxes designed to cover up black operations, or to encourage Russia to spend huge sums of money on fruitless aeronautical research. Or simply to incentivise their own scientists.

Stealth aircraft and spy planes, notably the TR-3B Black Manta or Astra and its Aurora successors. Aurora is the project name for this research. Aurora are plasma seen surrounding the Earth's poles, whilst these vehicles also emit plasma. Aurora, Texas, USA is reputed to be the location of an alien burial. Aurora 7 was the NASA Mercury spacecraft flown by astronaut Scott Carpenter in 1962, whilst Princess Aurora appeared in Walt Disney Productions' Sleeping Beauty.

Research aircraft from Air Force Flight Test Center Detachment 3 (Area 51), Groom Lake, & Site 4 Papoose Lake, Nevada, Fort Hood, Texas, or Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, USA

Interstellar ice containing hydrocarbons such as acetylene and methane entering the Earth's atmosphere. During entry, the hydrocarbons are likely to have formed a thermal protection layer made from charcoal. This can become streamlined as it enters the atmosphere. Since it is very light, it will float in a breeze (jet stream). Burning jets of gas will give it an intelligent appearance, as it changes direction. It will change colour as different gases burn. The gas may exist as a plasma, since it will have been subjected to high temperatures during entry through Earth's atmosphere.

UFO incidents involving angel hair in France and Portugal, suggest that these structures either come from the sea, upper atmosphere of Earth (10 to 100 miles), or from space. The latter could have been thrown out of a comet as it entered the Earth's atmosphere, or entered Earth's gravitational field after its comet broke up during a close encounter with the Sun. Sightings by cosmonauts and astronauts on MIR and ISS space stations, appear to support this hypothesis. They may have a primitive collective intelligence. Alternatively, the two large jelly fish like structures sighted over Evora, Portugal and a local airfield in November 1959, including angel hair, suggest that they came from the sea. It's possible that they are the sacs of giant squid, filled with flatulence from the youngsters, that eventually escape into deep sea. The sac then rises into the atmosphere. UFO's have been sighted emerging from the sea off California, Alaska, Iceland and Sweden for instance. Some species of fish only come to the surface at night, and of course some deep sea fish are bioluminescent. These structures would quickly dry out and disintegrate in sunlight. The angel hair in this incident, which fell for 4 hours over a very large area, was examined under microscope and photographed at the Lisbon Faculty of Science. The lifelike structures could not be identified, and the sample was later destroyed in a fire in 1978. There have been nine such incidents in Portugal since 1857. As for life in Earth's upper atmosphere; it maybe possible to collect samples from sub-orbital flights of spaceplanes, such as Skylon, during their main missions. HMG announced in 2019 its intention to set up a space division in its defence structure. This should be capable of resolving such anomalies (UAVs, nuclear cruise missiles, plasma balls, angel hair, flying saucers), if its intelligence gathering capability is truly effective. Since astronomers have seen emissions from the Moon, such as light flashes and clouds of gas, it's likely that this phenomena reached the Earth's atmosphere in some form or another. If not, it's another case of tax payer's money wasted.

I do not know whether flying saucers have ever visited our solar system. No evidence of this has been found on the Moon nor Mars, where the terrain of both has remained virtually unchanged for billions of years. Then of course there is the plaque carried by the two voyager space probes that have left our solar system. We want to make ourselves known to other aliens, and it is therefore logical that they would want to get to know us. Not much pleasure can be had in viewing our antics without giving us a friendly word of advice. However, I could be wrong. Thousands of people claim to have seen flying saucers, and thousands claim to have seen ghosts, shadow men, mothman, or its equivalent. The mothman may grow underground for years like cicadas. Ghosts are thought to be the spirits of beings embedded into materials such as buildings and furniture. Since people claim to have communicated with them, how can this be? Are they artifacts of time travel or lost in another stage of life after death, or caught in an energy field? Reincarnation exists and may well be where a person's spirit is embedded into someone else, possibly after being transported back to Earth by aliens. Possession may simply be a ghostly spirit of a dead person inside someone else, whilst telekinesis may be committed not by a possessed person but by the ghost that has possessed them. Sometimes you can see a ghost, other times you can't. All these experiences maybe related. I do not know whether incidents of people disappearing at 'hot spots' in the USA, such as Crater Lake and Yosemite National Park, are linked to so called time slips, nor whether they have an extraterrestrial link, but I do feel that USG should investigate these incidents at least from a scientific perspective, which of course would cost millions of dollars. The truth maybe out there, but finding it ain't gonna be cheap.

Alternatively, it may be possible for neurons containing memory and embedded in human cells, to be passed on from one generation to another. There are 69 billion neurons in a human brain, with other neurons attached to the heart and no doubt elsewhere. It may well be possible for the spirit of a prehistoric creature to be embedded into a church made from the rock of that creature's era. This implies that a UFO powered by some exotic energy source millions of years ago, could have had its image embedded into the ground, to be seen occasionally by people today, when the geological conditions are right; presumably when plasma balls appear. UFO's have been seen apparently refueling from water tanks and lakes. There have even been a few sightings of mother craft the size of sport's stadiums. If UFO's do not exist, then why do governments spend a fortune on linear accelerators and SETI research? The fact is that UFO research cannot get the necessary funding from government unless it is perceived as a secret military project. To do that, the military have to portray these aliens as a lethal threat to the existence of the human race. The expenditure has to be kept secret in order to discourage protests, whilst all the time allegations of a cover up are met with lies, denial and ridicule.

Now that you are confused as to what all these phenomena are, prepare to be even more confused, for this brings us onto the subject of people's experiences at Skinwalker Ranch, a 480 acre site in North East Utah, USA. For about 20 years this ranch was owned by space enthusiast and billionaire Bob Bigelow, from 1996 to 2016, who is believed to have bought the place at a greatly reduced price. During his ownership a $22 million investigation, financed by his organisation, the National Institute for Discovery Science, and the military, was carried out to determine what, how, and by whom numerous anomalies were taking place. These investigations continued under a new owner, Brandon Fugal. The anomalies consist mainly of telekinesis by an unknown poltergeist. That is the movement of items by invisible forces. Items moved consisted of kitchen utensils, piles of logs and even a large fence post hole machine, which later appeared 7m up a tree a few days later. On one occasion the previous cattle ranchers (prior 1996) had their four prize bulls transported into a small maintenance shed, from which they smashed their way out. A nearby metal fence had become magnetized. If they had been left in there an hour or so, then they probably would have suffocated. Shadow people were seen around the buildings, whilst lights were seen in the sky, at night. During the day an animal similar to a direwolf attacked one bull, and after being shot at least five times, wandered away only for the tracks to suddenly end on muddy ground, with no explanation. Voices, rumblings and metallic sounding noises had been heard from underground. Infrasound was also detected. Objects were seen coming out of a hole in the sky, whilst an image similar to New York's twin towers would also appear on CCTV. The hole was seemingly a portal. The cattle ranchers finally abandoned the property in 1996 after one of their calves was attacked, cut up and devoured, its carcass and bones splayed out on the ground. This all happened within 45 minutes of them tagging the animal and eventually returning to the scene. In about 2016 CCTV showed a calf dying from stress with what appeared to be a UFO moving high above the animal. Other equipment showed beams of energy eminating from the ground in a time lapsed image over several weeks. Local Ute and Navajo indians call these troublemakers skinwalkers, but are also known as shapeshifters or hitchhikers, because they can affect people long after leaving Skinwalker Ranch. Anomalies in this area were first recorded by a Spanish monk, Father Silvestre Vélez de Escalante in 1776. Recent field science has revealed sporadic emissions of radiation, plus interference to mobile phones, trifield meters and spectrum analyzers. All of this is hard to believe. Is Skinwalker Ranch a gateway to outer space or another dimension? Are these reports true or false? And what about predictions of the future from Nostradamus and Baba Vanga? What can be believed?

Unexplained incidents at Skinwalker ranch may well be a case of advanced natural video recorder technology. This explanation may well apply to all incidents of the supernatural. Images exist of electric fields discharging in the rocks at Skinwalker at night. This energy is presumably received from the Sun, and then stored in the rocks, which I believe are composed of dried up minerals from arid lakes. The crystals in the rocks glow when they contract during the cold of night. Quasicrystals are known to do this, and are mainly aluminium alloys. The site also appears to have a natural or unnatural radioactive source of energy. However, whilst this is the energy source for these incidents, where is the controlling intelligence? I eventually came to the conclusion that it lay within a huge labyrinth of life we call fungus. Skinwalker is a remote semi-arid land where plant life is sparse, and therefore receives little competition and threats, from fire or flood for instance. In France, a species of fungi was found to glow in the dark, whilst laboratory tests show that they are capable of navigating a maze to find food. They therefore possess intelligence. Fungi have been around for about two billion years, so its possible that some sub-species have developed advanced senses. They may not have eyes, but like ET, their environment may well have necessitated that they evolve extrasensory perception. They can read human minds, create images and sounds possibly from past events, and somehow move objects through the air. They appear to lack the ability to communicate with us. How they can create an image that a person can touch, I simply do not know. It's possible that they are not images, but controlled beings abducted into another dimension, that they can recall when needed. This implies that this facility could be used to store terminally ill people in suspended time, to be medically cared for once a cure for their ills has been found. This facility implies an understanding of advanced fundamental science. Like plasma balls, this life form may or may not be controlled by aliens.

By June 2024, there definitely appeared to be something abnormal going on at Skinwalker ranch that could be detected. The use of small rockets to excite 'paranormal' activity which can then be recorded by LIDAR technology, suggests there is a wormhole, or some other exotic force there. GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) suggests the presence of two objects under the mesa, whilst LIDAR indicates a tower of energy projecting from them into the sky. In July 2024 it was revealed that LunaSonde had carried out a ground penetrating radar survey of the area from an unmanned balloon drifting at 70,000 feet, with the capability to penetrate 3 miles into the ground. GPR dragged across the ground had failed months before due to jamming by 'aliens'. Lunasonde is developing a space based radarsat which can detect underground mineral deposits. Results at Skinwalker consisted of the detection of exotic minerals that were out of place geologically in a limestone mesa, including europium (highly reactive rare earth), tellurium (solar panels) and manganese (hard metal paramagnetic), aluminium, selenium (semi-conductor) in a labyrinth of tunnels. The tunnels, which were 3 to 20 metres across, were at depths of 10 to 25 metres. Utah is famous for the Bonneville salt flats, badlands, dinosaurs and the Redmond Real salt mine, with its tunnels. It's possible that the Skinwalker tunnels are natural, but it's impossible to see how the elements detected there, could be. It is known that this location was hit by a large asteroid or comet in the distant past, which may explain the presence of some minerals including strontium, curium and barium found deep below a road junction known as the triangle. Did this comet also bring an alien life form? Such an advanced life form would evolve in a dark, wet and confined environment, similar to the labyrinth of tunnels at Skinwalker. The water would be heated by radioisotope thermal decay and possibly gravitational forces, since it may have orbited within the inner solar system. The comet may have broken up before impact, as it hit the atmosphere, ensuring that the alien life survived. Since landing on Earth, it may have evolved further. This maybe an exotic life form like that being studied at Columbia University.

Soon after watching a BBC TV programme about dirt DNA based upon research at the University of Copenhagen, involving soil samples from northern Greenland, which identified numerous trees, plants and animals, including mammoth, up to two million years old, it occurred to me that this technology could be used to identify DNA in the tunnels and ditches at Skinwalker Ranch. Strands of DNA are electrically charged, and as such wrap themselves around charged stone such as quartz crystal. Transparent crystals in ordinary rocks through mineral-rich solutions filling cracks, geodes, or metamorphic processes. Subjecting ordinary rocks to repeated impacts, high temperatures, pressures in excess of 150C, or immersing in chemically active liquids, can create crystals. Research is presently underway with extremophiles found deep in oceans, that can capture almost all photons of sunlight, which can then be funnelled into a crystal to power a laser. At Skinwalker, there maybe chemically active pools in the tunnels which contain complete genomes. This may be the database that the fungi interact with. Electrical energy from sunlit rocks, or the radioactive cesspit, may provide the necessary power to power these anomalies. I am certain that there is more to it than that, but it may explain incidents of everything from apparitions in old buildings, aurora type lights during earthquakes, to min-mins in Australia. It therefore appears that the electrical energy comes from either radioactivity in the ground, chemical reactions in mines, or light from the Sun, with material from fungi, guided by DNA in the soil, controlled by the spirit of the animal. The process is lengthy in time, but possibly doable. It may well be that the stones in this case are in many cases gastroliths, gizzard stones swollowed deliberately to assist the crushing of food, or to to maintain buoyancy in aquatic creatures. It later occurred to me that, since DNA is everywhere, it could be used rather like fertilizer to increase the yield in crops, and even make people well. The presence of DNA from comets that crash into the Sun, may be what causes the Sun's radiant heat to rise from 5800K in the photosphere to 1 to 3,000,000K in the corona. Indeed it may even influence entropy throughout the entire universe over time.

Alternatively, is this a DUMB (Deep Underground Military Base for extraterrestrials) or military toxic waste site? Underground bases for extraterrestrials may sound far fetched, but it should be remembered that until a few thousand years ago diminutive Homo floresiensis lived in a cave on the slope of a volcano on the island of Flores in Indonesia, and the giants Si-Te-Cah lived in Lovelock Cave, Nevada in the USA. They were both wiped out when their angry neighbours set fire to the entrance of their caves. The American Indian and Palestinians have faired no better since. It is easy to see why in 1954, grey aliens signed a treaty with the US government, namely with President Dwight D. Eisenhower, stipulating that the aliens would leave humans alone, if humans left aliens alone. This is why governments state that extraterrestrials do not exist, and why aliens do not like humans advancing their technology, which could one day be used against them. If Skinwalker Ranch in infested with aliens, does further research there amount to a breach of this agreement? Now if aliens were to be found living under the Dome of the Rock, that would really put the cat amongst the pigeons, and know doubt add more than one dimension to our already multi-racial planet. Unfortunately time moves on, and we now have both Russia and Israel ignoring international law, whilst the aliens, as far as I know, still have no such agreement with all members of the United Nations.

Following about 3 years of experimentation, the team finally appeared to be onto something, but it could well turn out to be more than they can handle. One week earlier Omniteq detected a presence which appeared to have a force field surrounding it, that reflected or absorbed light. Anomalies associated with GPS, which showed flying objects as being underground, loss of 0.24 seconds in time, plus the detection of a 1.6GHz radio frequency signal, and an energy field pointing towards the sky suggested that the area was a possible traversable wormhole (portal, stargate). It could be that plasma balls frequently seen in the area are artefacts of this wormhole process. One plasma ball was filmed moving horizontally through the mesa. This is possible if the plasma ball is composed solely of energy in the form of sub-atomic particles, so small that they can easily pass through solid rock. Non-destructive testing will continue, as there appears to be a force field protecting the underground complex, causing two attempts to drill into the complex to fail, whilst further attempts could cause ET to destroy the complex, or relocate it. Some of the previous TV episodes can be seen on YouTube, whilst more up to date one can be seen on Amazon.

If Skinwalker turns out to be an alien facility, and impossible to enter because of its force field, then there maybe an alternative route. There maybe more similar facilities around the world, that could be located by radarsat and intelligence electronic gathering satellites. The latter could look for the 1.6GHz transmissions, whilst AI could wade through thousands of radarsat images looking for similar tunnel layouts. There maybe hundreds of them, some of which maybe inert, and therefore accessible for investigation, the study of which could enable access to active sites. These sites could be areas of abductions, similar to those at Crater Lake, Oregon, in which police should get involved. It maybe possible to retrieve these people from their suspended animation, not to mention a few dire wolves. Advances in the field of science would be enormous. Suspended animation could be employed to keep terminally ill people in storage until a cure could be found for them. Please note that in Canneto di Coronia, Sicily in 2004 buildings were burned down by spontaneous combustion associated with electro-magnetic radiation. MS co-pilot could not find out the frequency of this radiation, and therefore whether it has any significance in the case of Skinwalker.

After much serious thought, it suddenly occurred to me that this presence was alien from a comet impact about 25 million years ago, which implies that there may be more of them from far earlier in time on this planet. The presence appears to have a sense of humour, so I'll call it the joker. Its capabilities may include the creation of life here on Earth. That implies that it may have created a matrix for the human race, as a means of entertainment. Over the billions of years that our planet has existed, it seems logical that it has attracted many alien civilisations to settle here. Tic-tacs and Jokers many just be the tip of the iceberg.

That brings us to the subject of how did aliens move huge blocks of stone weighing twenty tonnes or more to build huge ancient structures, and what is a stone bird? These huge corner stones can be seen in the second temple built by Herod in Jerusalem. They are also visible at Baalbek, Lebanon, which was later converted into a Roman Temple of Jupiter. Numerous neolithic monuments on Malta, Italy, Sardinia, France and the UK, etc. display similar evidence. Some stones weigh over 1000 tonnes and are clearly impossible to move even by employing giants. They were probably positioned during the bronze age. In my opinion they were not dragged very far. Indeed Jerusalem is so hilly it's difficult to imagine them being dragged at all. They appear to have been dragged down hill from their original location, since mined away. As for the temples on Gozo, Malta, the pairs of grooves in the ground suggest that the gigantic stones for the temple were dragged along them possibly to transfer the megaliths from an existing lower temple that was being flooded by rising sea levels about 12,000 years ago. However, such a transfer would not have produced grooves in the rocky shore so deep. In my opinion the temple has never been relocated, the megaliths having been dragged a short distance to the site. The grooves were produced through thousands of years of maritime trade, probably during the neolithic era, prior to the construction of ships and a proper harbour, at a time when Malta was equivalent to Mecca today. Trade would have been with rafts and shallow boats. Goods were off loaded into carts which produced the grooves. They were not used to transport heavy stones, as the timber would have been crushed by the weight. Since then cliffs have eroded and the sea level risen. As for the rock birds, monuments exist in India and Japan showing such vehicles with what appears to be a thermal protection system composed of ceramic tiles, similar to the NASA space shuttle.

Formed in 2015 NASA's NExSS is a cluster of organisations designed to detect life in outer space. Another subject of intense research is that of magnetism. The frog suspended in a magnetic field, plus the influence of magnetism in the Sun's corona or black hole, or even to power a flying saucer. The videos on magnetism by Prof. Eric Laithwaite on YouTube are particularly interesting. There are many different types of magnetism, including diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, anti ferromagnetism, para magnetism, ferrimagnetism. Given a large enough energy source, it maybe possible to interact with materials to produce propulsion, such as utilising the magnetic force from a star to travel interstellar.

It's not only governments that are spending a fortune. The Israeli-Russian billionaire Yuri Milner has decided to invest $100 million dollars over 10 years in 'Breakthrough Listen' a SETI project involving four astronomical observatories, observing one hundred galaxies, including the Milky Way. $100 million may sound a lot, but that's how much he is reported to have paid for his home in the USA. Whether we need more SETI telescopes, or nuclear powered missiles to shoot down UFOs, only time will tell.

Not all bright lights in the sky are remnants of comets however. Foo fighters, or more accurately, plasma balls, orbs or ball lightning, having different properties from comets. They appear to be affected by the Earth's magnetic field and are attracted to aircraft and bright lights. So what are they? In my opinion they mainly originate from the Earth's outer core, transported by superconducting material to the surface, where they emerge from volcanic subduction zones and areas of known chemical-electrical activity. Water is thought to be superconducting, whilst other elements and compounds may exhibit different properties when under intense pressure and temperature, than on the surface. Also, some of the Earth's magnetic field is highly likely to be have been produced by steel. Iron with less then one per cent carbon is steel, and hence capable of being a permanent magnet, at least at surface temperatures and pressures. Many meteorites have this composition, some to be melted down to create weapons in past civilisations, including a dagger belonging to pharaoh Tutankhamun. As they arrive at the surface the plasma ball creates crop circles.

Just about anything can have an electrical charge, be it clothing, or a duvet for instance. The Earth is no different, having a telluric current of from 0.2v to 1.75v potential, flowing from south to north on the Earth's surface, due to galvanic reaction. The flow of electricity in the outer core, the generator, creates a magnetic field of 30,000 to 60,000 nano Tesla. At the outer core / mantle interface, resides very hot acids, alkalies and metals, under immense pressures. Ingredients for a giant battery to produce the telluric current. These ingredients appear to flow due to convection currents and the disparity of rotation rates between the outer core and the mantle. This flow of electricity acts on the iron core to create an electro-magnet.

Another source of electricity is a capacitor. It doesn't create electricity, it stores it. This can be formed in nature by layers of conductive metal ore insulated by rock such as sandstone or lava in a dry climate, or simply the oxide on the surface of the metal ore. Two such locations are the Pilbara region in Northwest Australia, where the ground consists of sedimentary iron stone, and Sedona, near Phoenix Arizona, USA. Both are known for their plasma balls. In 2018 three ESA satellites called SWARM, tracked electric fields, produced by lunar induced tides, passing through the Earth's global magnetic field. The magnetic field was 2.5 nano Tesla. Electric discharges have also been seen emanating from volcanoes and the crest of a tsunami wave, where a large agitated mass can strip electrons. Plasma balls can also be found in lightning storms. One such ball seen by Chinese scientists was found to contain the elements silicone, calcium and iron, which presumably originated from the soil it rose from. The most productive location for lightning is Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, due to its topography. This location is in the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is renown for its naturally occurring electrical discharges.

The Earth's primary electrical source probably consists of the following. The outer core is composed of nickel, iron and silicone. Unlike the iron and nickel rich inner core, it is mainly molten, although the top 150 miles of the inner core is also thought to be a mishmash of soft, sold and liquid elements. However, drifting in the outer core are large crystals. In nature, crystals can get very large, given enough time and space for them to form. The gypsum crystals in the Naica lead zinc mine, Chihuahua, Mexico are up to twelve metres long. It is believed that silicon dioxide crystals in the Earth's outer core are up to 10km long. In my opinion the crystals could also consist of cobalt, a metal used in magnets. Such a crystal was found in the Brazilian interior a few decades ago, although much smaller than the ones suggested here.

I believe that these crystals cluster together at the poles, where turbulence is at a minimum and where friction between the ends of the crystals and the inner core and mantle interfaces is least. The crystals act as a conductor for free electrons emitted from the core. Here, the high temperatures and pressures strip electrons from the nucleus, creating a plasma. An equivalent to lightning will occur between thermals. Convecting plasmas rubbing together convert kinetic energy into magnetic energy. They are ejected at the poles, but unlike a neutron star or black hole, most of the electrons are not ejected into space. Instead they are trapped in the magnetic field created by Earth's battery, and the crystals. It is the crystals that maintain the magnetic lines of force, from pole to pole. Repeated vibration of these crystals probably makes them magnetic, resulting in them hugging together through mutual attraction. Electricity always travels along the line of least resistance. The poles being flattened are the shortest distance from the Earth's centre to the surface. Underground, the pressure is so intense that some insulating materials will act as conductors, enabling the electrons in the magnetic field to move freely. Nearer the surface, these electrons that form the magnetic field, could flow through conducting metals that form part of the downward flowing crust in a subduction zone, in order to reach the surface.

The location of the magnetic poles is indicated by the aurora, or a compass. The magnetic poles are not aligned with the true poles. They are not only misaligned, but there is a mismatch in rotation speed between the core, inner core, mantle and crust. The Earth's battery is therefore wound around the inner core, creating a bar electro-magnet. In addition, local magnetic variation is created by deposits of metals, such as nickel-iron asteroids, possibly floating in subterranean lakes of liquid metal in the mantle. Evidence for this can be seen on the surface of the Moon and Mars. Thousands of craters made by asteroid impacts. Evidence for this has long since been weathered away on Earth, except for a few, such as Barringer Crater, Arizona, USA. Over eons, these asteroids sink through the crust and mantle to the core. Upon reaching the Earth's battery, or the core, they can cause such a disturbance as to reverse the electron flow (battery) or make the weaker polar jet more dominant (core).

As the electrons travel into space along the magnetic lines of force, some are deflected and lost. Others are attracted from the Van Allen radiation belt to replenish the system, after these magnetic belts capture them from the solar wind. This possibly occurs via sprites and elves, names given to super lightning, seen mainly by high flying military aircraft, above thunderstorms, shooting into the stratosphere. It is thought that in our solar system, the solar wind makes up for any loses that would otherwise slow down or stop the process, together with 55 tonnes of cosmic dust and meteorites per day. Conversely, evidence from Cluster, a four satellite system, indicates that the Earth is losing 90 tonnes of plasma per day, especially helium. Is this why the Earth's magnetic field is currently slowing down in strength?

An alternative hypothesis for field reversal is as follows: As the cluster of crystals builds up at the poles, increasing in diameter, the friction increases, eventually causing the cluster to break up. These giant crystals float freely causing mayhem within the outer core, destroying batteries. The Earth's magnetic field dissipates. It's years before this cluster builds up again. A magnetic field reversal has taken place. These happen roughly every two hundred thousand years according to magnetic surveys of ocean floor rocks, by sea vessel survey, and more recently by satellite. The periods are increasing. The last major reversal was 781,000 years ago. Being nature, nothing is however simple and predictable.

Venus and Mars have no magnetic field because they have no molten core, because they have no substantial satellite orbiting them, in order to generate internal heat through tidal forces. As for Mercury's magnetic field, it's assumed that heat from the Sun, conducted by its huge iron core, has slowed down its cooling rate. Is it possible to extract electro-magnetic energy from the Earth's core? Forbidden planet! Do we need to go down that route?

If you believe in alien UFO rumours, then they could exist.

If you believe in sightings by hundreds of school children, then they may well exist.

If you believe in reports by pilots and police officers, then they probably exist.

If you believe in reports by injured members of the general public, then they unfortunately exist.

If you believe in reports by time slip and abducted members of the general public, then take cover.

If you see truthful reports of UFO wreckage or other evidence, then pray to God, because your government will not save you.

One UFO incident that should get you thinking is this one:

In 1989-1990, over a period of six months, a silent UFO was sighted and photographed at numerous locations in Belgium, by many people. There were 2000 reports, 500 of which were unexplained. The first sighting was by two police officers. They saw two triangular UFO craft hovering over a lake. One of which was bouncing a ball of light between the craft and the water's surface. Months later a UFO was eventually intercepted by two Belgium F16 Fighting Falcon's, and filmed during the 25 minute chase. The UFO flew at below radar height (200ft) most of the time, with speed from zero to Mach two. It was small and triangular, and appeared to be powered by four rocket motors, one at each apex of the triangle, and one in the centre, with exhaust emissions also from the leading edges, which maybe why it flew silently. Most of the photographs taken were of poor quality due to the high infra red emissions and long distance to object. Being silent, it could not have been a conventional rocket.

How do we know that this UAV was not a UFO?

1 It is believed that this vehicle only flew over Belgium. Since when do aliens observe international borders here on planet Earth?

2 This vehicle spent most of its time flying below the defense and air traffic control radars. Being of such superior technology, why would it be afraid to reveal itself, and why was it not invisible to radar anyway?

3 Why would it spend its time flying over Belgium?

Brussels is of course the headquarters of the European Commission and NATO.

Who and why would anyone want to impress them?

As an ally of the USA, the US administration would no doubt be deeply concerned by the yokel mentality of many EU members, who as now, wish to retain their agrarian lifestyles, to the detriment of science and engineering. Since 1990, EU nations have taken more interest in UAVs.

Finally I will get to the point of this subject, and it is this. This UAV was built at Area 51 / S4, Teledyne Ryan, now owned by Northrop Grumman, or the Lockheed Skunk Works. Due to the highly developed nature of the aircraft, it must have been designed circa 1980. It was probably the TR-3B, if it exists. Reputed to cost three billion dollars. Being financed totally by private enterprise, USG can honestly say that it's not one of theirs. It was a UAV (unmanned air vehicle) with high agility. Not a prototype. It has the ability to manipulate radar, and employ a cloaking device to make it invisible. It is believed to be powered by a magnetic field disruptor. It is triangular, having a red light in the centre and three white lights, one at each corner. It has the ability to drop four thousand feet in less than one second. The UAV is believed to come in two sizes, one of which is the size of two football pitches. I believe that this top secret technology was displayed near EU (European Union) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) headquarters in an attempt to wake up the European aerospace industries. Rumour has it that alien technology in the USA is fifty years ahead of anything in the EU.

The UK's Royal Air Force uses UAVs but these are American in origin and are designed mainly for reconnaissance. The only highly maneuverable British UAV planned is Taranis, based upon an American design. The UK equivalent to Area 51 is thought to be an underground facility at MOD Rudloe Manor, Defence Digital, Corsham, Wiltshire.

Whilst watching numerous UFO programmes on TV I kept details of these incidents, some of which I now list here. I have absolutely no idea how much of it is lies, distortion, misinformation, and the God's honest truth.

There is little firm evidence in the public domain that aliens from extraterrestrial civilisations have visited Earth. But there are plenty of witnesses who claim that they have seen artificial flying machines in our skies, not of this planet. There appears to be at least four possibilities when it comes down to whether UFO's exist, and what they consist of.

A...They are comets. Generally speaking I am talking about cometary debris. This is frozen balls of various gases that burn with different colours and brightness. Acetylene for instance, gives an extremely bright white light that can blind observers. The light can appear similar to a search light or strobe light. Jets of gas can emerge that appear to be light beams. The burning gases heat up the ice from which they came. The burning gases melt at different temperatures, resulting in the conglomeration moving within itself. This creates the impression that the burning object is morphing. Frozen comets are as light as foam, float in the atmosphere, and will be almost impossible to discern and therefore discriminate from clouds during the day.

In the case of Nuremberg, Germany on April 14th, 1561, the detailed description given in Wikipedia.org appears to pertain to a comet. It came from the direction of the Sun at about 4am and exploded, producing a blood red cloud and debris described as rods, spheres and crosses. These could be large crystals. Note that comets seen over Sri Lanka, southern India and Spain produced blood red rain. The debris from this comet fell to Earth smoking. Presumably the frozen gases were subliming into a cocktail of gases. These gases could be a fire or toxicity hazard. It left a black spear shaped cloud in the sky, the spear shaft pointing East and the point pointing west. At the time, people were highly religious, so it was described as a battle between good and evil. A portent of things to come. The lack of scientific words available at the time, can lead readers of today to interpret it too literally.

This phenomena needs to be researched in detail. Detection would be by satellite, followed by sampling by a global quick reaction force on the ground. NASA, JAXA and ESA spend huge amounts sending space probes to asteroids and comets, and yet as a BBC Sky At Night programme showed, minute debris from these objects can be found in the gutters of buildings, here on Earth. Blood rain samples have been seen reproducing apparently without DNA present. They look like blood cells, and may have been the original cell membrane for primordial life. So what does it take to make a genome. Links to info about DNA and the human genome are at the end of this subject.

Looking at samples returned to Earth in December 2020 from JAXA's Hayabusa 2 probe to the one kilometre diameter near Earth crossing comet Ryugu, scientists detected 23 amino acids, the building blocks of life. They were composed of elements found in the Sun's photosphere, which suggests that the basis of life came from space and not by emissions from the Sun received on Earth.

Research into the origins of life on planet Earth, has taken at least half a century, in countless laboratories. Nature on the other hand, has taken over three billion years to develop life. Its origins lie in the creation of the proto-cell. This consisted of RNA molecules and proteins, composed of amino acids, enclosed in a primordial membrane made up of fatty acids. In an environment dominated by amino acids, this assembly is protected from the effects of salt in oceans and lakes. Over eons the RNA and later DNA slowly evolved, but exactly how has still to be worked out. It plainly occurred at random in billions of cells. Probably not something that can be replicated in a laboratory.

The Explore SCU website contains many professionally produced reports on UFO (UAP) incidents, including:

Project Hessdalen, Norway presented March 9th, 2023

Betty & Barney Hill abduction 1961, presented February 8th, 2021

Ubatuba UFO metamaterials 1957, presented June 30th, 2020

Aguadilla, Puerto Rico 2013, presented August 15th, 2018

Incidents are listed in the library as per their presentation date.

B...They are plasma balls. Plasma balls maybe created by different processes around the globe. A few of those locations and processes are listed here. Plasma balls come from underground. They emit bright lights. They can hover or move erratically at very high speed, and because of this they appear to be controlled by some alien intelligence. They maybe part of an alien virtual reality computer game one minute and unmanned reconnaissance vehicle the next. They are in fact balls of energy. For its volume it has minimal mass, so they can move, changing direction in an instant. They are associated with geological activity, such as tectonic plates moving in earthquake zones. There are four earthquake fault lines in the USA, the most famous being the San Andreas fault, which is part of the Cascadia subduction zone. Others are Madrid, Ramapo and East Coast. Plasma balls, possibly associated with the release of methane from a fault line on the ocean floor coupled with a boom sound, are visible from the shore off Cape Fear, North Carolina, USA. Normally methane from the ocean floor does not reach the surface in combustible amounts. Even if it did, there is no source of ignition, unless the gas had been heated above its ignition temperature whilst underground and was not cooled below it as it rose through the water. In this case the gas will not float away because it is weighed down by water droplets. So is it a gas or a plasma, or a combination of both?

There are no giant geologic faults in the UK like those in the USA, which is probably why plasma balls and UFO sightings are relatively rare. Another reason is our miserable weather, the skies being overcast. Earthquakes in the UK do not exceed magnitude 4. Since these are associated with fault lines, this could explain why this phenomena appears in localized waves. Plasma balls were researched in the USA by Dr Rutlidge at Missouri State University in 1973 and 1976, around the Madrid fault line / Piedmont area. It was concluded that they maybe intelligent, since they responded to light. 35 scientists studied 158 cases. Alternatively, I hypothesize that these balls of pure energy, are either attracted to local magnetic fields, or are being subjected to the laws of quantum physics. There are at least four areas where electro-magnetic phenomena have been encountered at regular intervals. They are as follows:

Cascade Range / Gifford Pinchot National Forest, USA: Forest rangers have seen these from their watch towers for years. This part of the Rocky Mountains is volcanic.

Canneto di Coronia, Sicily 2004: Is a coastal village on the north shore of the Italian island of Sicily. A series of mysterious fires (300 in 17 months) in the electrical systems of people's homes, leads people to suspect the electricity supply. The grid supply is switched off, but the fire outbreaks continue. Eventually even none electrical components such as furniture, catch fire. Compasses do not work, whilst car door locks open and close, car lights go on and off. It maybe a catalyst for the origin of life, but all the residents want is their life back. Investigators consisting of Italian and US scientists from the National Research Institute and NASA think the source comes from the direction of the sea. The electro-magnetic force emits hundreds of pulses per second at fifteen gigawatts. It is later discovered that this phenomena had occurred before in 1932, when in August of that year the Italian air force published a report, but other sources dispute this. The cause maybe due to volcanism since the village lies between Mount Etna and Stromboli. The problem persists for seventeen months. Plasma balls are seen over the sea and land, whilst some people get burns to their skin. The final report concludes that it may involve subsea military activity. Half the homes in the village are abandoned for months.

So, how could it happen naturally. Electro-magnetic radiation requires electricity to power a producer of microwaves, like that in a microwave oven or radar. Being a volcanic region, the electricity is probably produced by a conducting wire moving in a magnetic field, or to be more realistic, hot iron rich magma moving up and down in a lava tube like a solenoid, surrounded by electrolyte. The electricity would then interact with a cavity magnetron, or more realistically, the holes in an iron meteorite. Such an object would be similar to the Willamette meteorite which can be seen at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. I only know of one other source of naturally occurring electro-magnetic radiation and it is that which causes the South Atlantic anomaly, which effects the operation of satellites. It is possible that it's caused by a very weak neutron star remnant in the Earth's core. This may also explain the detection of high energy particles eminating out of the Earth at the South Pole by NASA’s Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) and IceCube South Pole Neutrino observatory. The exact location of its source, I believe, is still unknown. Alternatively, this phenomena on Sicily could be caused by sound waves. Stromboli has a large caldera with side vents. Explosions which create lava bombs, are accompanied by infra sound produced by the shape of the crater. The vents act as a resonator, whilst the level of lava in the conduit and throat dictate the frequency of sound produced. In the case of Stromboli a tone as low as 2 to 3 Hertz has been detected. The volcanic island of Stromboli forms part of the Aeolian Island chain, which is renown for its hydrothermal vents, presumably connected via volcanic vents to a large magma chamber. Small geochemical phenomena may well be the source of energy powering ghost like incidents. Larger geochemical phenomena eminating from the Earth's outer core, may well produce Miyake events. How else do you explain those that last a year?

Colares Island, north Brazil 1975 to 1977: Located near the equator, at the mouth of the Amazon river and the city of Belem. The people experience highly active plasma balls, locally called 'chupa chupa', which attack locals. People with electrical burn marks are left weakened for decades. The Brazilian air force investigates. Eventually 9,000 people, 90% of the islands population, abandon the location. These plasma balls are highly reactive, which maybe because they occur within the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This is also a land where native indians used charcoal to improve crop production, and gold miners use mercury to separate out the ore. Both these factors could also be involved, as these materials are used both in batteries and luminaires.

Hessdalen, Norway: Plasma balls appear at the rate of 15 to 20 per week, to the present day. They have been filmed in groups of red, white and green balls of light. The area is a valley with iron and zinc mines to the west, and copper and sulphur mines to the east, with a river in between. Rain water washing sulphur, an electrolyte, through the copper mines into the river, forms a natural battery. This theory was proved by placing some of the river mud in a glass beaker together with a zinc and copper electrode/cathode. The primitive cell generated a voltage. Eight thousand volts of electricity has been measured on a nearby peak, enough to create plasma balls? Ionized gas is created when sulphurous fumes from the river react with humid air. The plasma balls are moved by electromagnetic field lines created in the local area. These balls have the consistency of the Sun, and since it has not set fire to any surrounding trees, is believed to be cold. Plasma balls have been tracked by radar, which has detected energy trails one mile long. The plasma balls appear to be constantly regenerated as they travel over the charged area of the valley. A similar phenomena can be seen occasionally near the ridge of Brown Mountain, South Carolina, above a dense tree covered river valley. The rock composed of quartz and magnetite is electrically conducting. Similar phenomena has been seen on route 67 Mitchell Flat, Marfa, Texas, USA. Do plasma balls also originate from the Earth's outer core, following the lines of least electrical resistance to the surface, generating sprites and elves in the upper atmosphere? Do they also produce energy for the appearance of ghosts, controlled by 'alien' intelligence? There is so much that we don't know about our own planet, never mind exoplanets.

The data from Norway appeared on the BBC 2's 'Chris Packham's - Nature's Weirdest Events. In the programme Chris showed how you can make your own plasma:

Cut one grape almost in half. Place the two hemispheres in a microwave oven with the flat surface resting on turntable. Place upturned glass beaker over it. Close door and switch on for 15 seconds. The electrons are stripped from the atoms due to the constriction between the two grape halves, created by the thin sliver of skin that still joins the two halves. The plasma will rise to form at the top of the beaker.

I have not tried this experiment, as I value my microwave too much. It sparks enough as it is. Don't send me the bill.

St. Elmo's fire is created this way, from the sharp pointed top of a ship's mast.

Although the effects are different, it's probably safe to say that they are all based upon similar fundamental forces. I think it is a great shame that it is still not fully understood by scientists. This is mainly because scientists don't want to have anything to do with plasma balls, with its associated ufology. Science is the investigation of the unknown, not dread of ridicule. It's about time detailed research was done on this subject using UAV's and remote sensing. This could be cold fusion with the ability to power aircraft, including air taxis.

Plasma, which is a state of matter, can be created by heating or subjecting a neutral gas to a strong electromagnetic field producing an ionized gaseous substance, which becomes increasingly electrically conductive. It becomes vulnerable to long-range electromagnetic fields which influence its movement.

The colour of a plasma ball is determined by its chemical composition, namely the soil that it emanates from.

Plasma colours vary according to the density of the gas and its degree of contamination. Links to web sites concerning plasma, are listed at the end of this subject.

When one sees a plasma ball and observes its behaviour with its neighbours, one is immediately convinced that intelligence lies behind it. However, when one looks at the structure of a snowflake, or that of a living cell, one realizes that nature is far more advanced than ideas from the human brain. Plasma balls are basically the fourth state of matter, amongst about seventeen states. It is awe-inspiring, natures firework display, and nothing more. Just spinning electrons and ions inside magnetic fields, produced either by piezo-electric effect created by plate tectonics, or a chemical effect in flooded mines. The chemical reaction's product rises from the ground and when it interacts with the locally produced magnetic field, it lights up, much like a fluorescent tube does under a high tension overhead electricity cable. They eventually dissipate. It has nothing to do with aliens from outer space. Whilst in such a state it may have a collective intelligence, like that of an octopus, making it respond to light and magnetic fields, but it is not life, since it has no reproductive capability. However, witnesses should regard it as a close encounter of the fourth kind, the fourth state of matter, one of the most incredible sights of nature.

C...It is the TR-3B As previously mentioned, they are top secret military vehicles.

In May 2010 MUFON published in its journal a supposed death bed confession, written in 1995, by Ben Rich, head of Lockheed Martin skunk works from 1975 to 1991. It appears on Youtube and reads:

"United States government knew what was going on. After the Richard Nixon purge in 1969, development was handled by an international corporate board of directors, who turned out to be a bigger problem than our off world visitors. We learned from crash retrievals and hand me downs. UFO visitors are real and US military travel to the stars. The technologies are wrapped up in black projects, and it would take an act of God to ever get them out to benefit humanity."

Why did it take fifteen years to get it published? I remain open minded on the subject. The US president is reputed to be only about the seventeenth on this international conspiracy list, Majestic being at the top. The black budget to finance this organisation is claimed to be costing at least $300 billion per annum. This web site cost the British taxpayer nothing. Don't you think that all these star wonderers, scientists and military, finance their visions themselves? Now just how do you get all those at CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research) working on the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) particle accelerator, searching for other dimensions used by UFOs, to pay their electricity bill?

During my investigations I came across three other suspect sources, John Brandenburg, who promotes the idea that Mars was destroyed by two large nuclear explosions 250 million years ago, Lloyd Pye who claimed to have the skull of an alien, and Boyd Bushman who claimed to have photographs of aliens, that some say are images of toys. Trying to separate fact from fiction in a subject most people regard as the latter, is not easy. One word of advice, to make your death bed confession plausible, it would help if you created your own professional looking video or web site. Whilst I've got no plans to die soon, or be abducted by aliens, you never know, do ya? Statistics however, indicate that likely abductees tend to have RH- blood and green eyes, and end up with meteoritic material embedded beneath their skin by extraterrestrials. RH negative blood emerged 25,000 years ago, but no one knows why or how. It maybe the result of an alien encounter, which is why Aliens show an interest in these people. Here are some biographical hyperlinks on the above three, whilst there are videos on the internet.

D...They are flying saucers.There is no doubt that UFO's (flying saucers) exist. They flew over the White House in two formations from July 12 to July 29, 1952, in Washington, D.C whilst confirmation by politicians and the military at that time, clearly shows that they exist. If alien spacecraft from other solar systems are visiting Earth, then they have the following capabilities:

1. The greys (the aliens) can read your mind, whilst in aerial intercepts the UFO's appear to be able to interrogate the mind of fighter pilots. They can jam electronics on all frequencies simultaneously.

2. The UFO's have very high speed capability. Presumably greater than Earth's escape velocity of 25,020 mph (40,270 kmph).

3. They are highly agile with no momentum apparent, and can travel in space, our atmosphere and in our seas. A photo exists of a UFO diving into the sea, having been snapped from a US submarine.

4. They come to Earth to refuel. This is because our solar system is in a relatively remote part of the Milky Way, and because our planet has an abundance of fresh flowing water, together with an abundance of minerals for fuel and repair. There are a dozen minerals in interstellar space, fifty inside stars, and five hundred when planets form. On Earth, with its plate tectonics, oxygen to create oxides and water to create hydroxides, one can find four thousand minerals. Minerals are particularly important for the manufacture of micro-electronics and nuclear propulsion systems. Earth also has an abundance of potential zombie workers. Over one million people disappear each year. Are they sent to the Moon to mine minerals? If extraterrestrials were really hostile, they would abduct the world's politicians and military commanders, wouldn't they....please?

5. UFO's have a close interest in nuclear facilities and earthquake fault lines. It is possible that they may be extracting dark energy from such materials and processes. They appear to be powered by large magnetic fields, or a fifth force. Whilst we know how a magnet works, what causes it to act in a perpetual state remains a mystery. It is possible that power stations emit essential sub atomic particles that can be stored in the alien equivalent of a capacitor.

6. When taking off from the ground they appear to employ two rotating detonation rocket engines, or similar. At low altitude it is possible that they appear to be floating, because they are lighter than air. They appear heavy because they are made from metal, but it may only be a few atoms thick. Once a certain acceleration has been achieved, propulsion is switched to Direct Fusion Drive or similar. Outside of the Earth's atmosphere another type of drive is employed, possibly akin to magnetic field propulsion. Owing to the critical light weight of these vehicles, it is unlikely that heavy elements like moscovium (115) are employed in large quantities. Is this propulsion system based upon cold fusion employing muons, or is cold fusion employed to start up nuclear fusion reactors? In April 2021 much work is being done at the LHC and Fermilab to uncover the properties of a possible fifth force of nature. Is this research linked to the current potentially unstable military/political situation in the Ukraine and South China Sea?

There are many people out there who fail to understand why USG will not admit the existence of UFOs and aliens from outer space. It is believed by some that the developed governments of the world have handed over the problem of our trespassing aliens to an organisation called Majestic 12 (MJ12). Many of their research centre's locations are top secret and underground. They are attempting to reverse engineer UFOs that have come into their possession, but it's clear from all the research into nuclear fusion reactors at this time (2021) that unlimited energy is still on their to do this. Without it they cannot power their beam weapons. Laser research is still continuing apace. So what's the rush? Denying the existence of UFOs keeps the subject out of mainstream media and parliamentary debate, because Majestic 12 doesn't want the aliens to know their intentions, nor how advanced their technology is. I assume that reports of alien abduction, mind controlling implants in humans, and slaves worked to death on the Moon are all true. These slaves could be mining essential minerals to fuel interstellar space travel. Alternatively they could also be building an alien military force designed to enslave all of us. Clearly action is needed to put a stop to it. The general public would demand it if governments admitted it was true. But will they admit it. Just think of the legal group actions that would take place by the next of kin of abducted. It could even trigger wars against that band of backsliders in congress and the pentagon. Civil war! With similar conflict in other countries. Therefore Majestic 12 has no choice but to keep quiet and develop a military means of response.

If this is all nonsense, and that the DoD has no MJ12, no reverse engineering, and no one in authority that believes in the existence of flying saucers, then that does not mean that other countries will adopt the same attitude and do nothing. Such an approach could leave the free world out classed militarily.

Currently, in 2021, that is seriously lacking. However, when HB11 or similar comes along, the balance of power will tip in our favour and the aliens know it. What will be their response? One only has to look at the evidence for a nuclear explosion at the archeological site at Mohenjo-Daro in India, dating to 2,500 BCE, to realise what the aliens have in store for us. The aliens will want to turn us back into a source of dumb slaves. To do that they will nuke all of our technological, political and military centres. And that's just for starters. They don't have a need for billions of slave miners, just a few thousand. So the vast majority of us will be terminated. Whether we resist and how, will be decided by our elected leaders. If the US/UK withdrawal from Afghanistan is anything to go by, God help us! All important aspects of our civilisation will have to be placed underground, assuming there's time, into WWII and cold war bunkers. This will include process plant and factories to supply small arms to the general population, plus body armour. Since the enemy will no doubt have body armour, our weapons will have to be based upon the use of exploding cannon shells. Just how you turn our whimpish society into Hollywood style 'he men' in time, I simply fail to envisage. Even if we defeat them, will they come back? If the Earth lies say mid way between two very important locations, or if materials mined on the Moon can't be mined just as easily elsewhere, then the chances are that they will return. If not they will cut their loses, but we will still have to find a way to civilize the Milky Way. Our greatest legacy may be the creation of a United Federation of Planets (UFP), backed up by Starfleet.